onforPromotingNaturalKnowledge,or,asitispopularlyknown,theRoyalSociety.Fromitsearliestyears,theSocietymaintainedcorrespondencewithContinentalphilosophers,andselectionsfromthiscorrespondencebecametheworld-famousPhilosophicalTransactions.SirIsaacNewtonwastheSocietyspresidentfrom1703untilhisdeathin1727.Intheapproximately300yearsofitsexistence,theSocietyhassponsorednumerousscientificexpeditionsandextensiveresearch,including,inrecentyears,anotableseriesofinvestigationsoftropicaldiseases.
对Boyle在science方面的conclusion是——1660sRobertBoyleappliedthescientificmethodtochemistry.
第五个科学家——牛顿(IsaacNewton),活了八十五岁。
Galileo死的那年(Jan.8,1642),就是Newton生的那年(Dec.25,1642)。
Galileo死在年头,Newton生在年尾。他们都没结婚,但Galileo有两个女儿一个儿子。Galileo的一些观察是错的,他虽然把球从斜塔朝下丢,但并没发现落体的真正速度,也没成立定律(law),直到Newton出来,才完成了这一解释。牛顿是个“遗腹子”(aninfantbornafterthedeathofitsfather;aposthumouschild),从小妈妈不在身边,跟姥姥长大,他从小就喜欢科学。
①Newtondiscoveredthatsunlightisamixtureoflightofallcolors.Hepassedabeamofsunlightthroughaglassprismandstudiedthecolorsthatwereproduced.(Bypassingabeamofsunlightthroughaprism,Newtonshowedthatwhitelightismadeupoftherainbowscolors.)
②Hemadegreatdiscoveriesinthefieldofmathematics.Heiscreditedwithinventingintegralanddifferentialcalculus.(微积分)
③Hewasthefirsttostatethelawsofgravitation.
Newton的成绩,英国诗人AlexanderPope有两句诗描写得最好:
NatureandNatureslawslayhidinnight:
Godsaid,LetNewtonbe!andallwaslight.
(AlexanderPope:EpigramonSirIsaacNewton)
In1705NewtonwasknightedbyQueenAnne.所以他名字前面有Sir.就是爵士。热门音乐中文也翻成爵士,但那是jazz的译音,并不真的是爵士,并且乱扭乱唱,一点也不爵士。
Newton虽然有那么大的成绩,但他很谦虚(humble),他说:
Tomyselfseemtohavebeenonlylikeaboyplayingonthesea-shore,anddivertingmyselfinnowandthenfindingasmootherpebbleoraprettiershellthanordinary,whilstthegreatoceanoftruthlayallundiscoveredbeforeme.
对Newton在science方面的conclusion是——1687SirIsaacNewtonpublishedthePrincipia,whichsummarizedbasicofmechanics.Newtonformulatedthelawsofgravitationandmotionandcontributedgreatlytothetheoriesoflightandopticalscience.
第六个科学家——爱因斯坦(AlbertEinstein),活了七十六岁。
爱因斯坦是German(德国人),又变成了Swiss(瑞士人),又
本章未完,点击下一页继续阅读。